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KosmosHumboldt
The Vision of Alexander von Humboldt
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„Everything is interaction and reciprocal“

Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859) was a legend in his own lifetime, widely travelled, well-connected, highly educated, and empathetic.

He is often seen as the last of the great universal scholars. But if we look more closely, it becomes clear that he was actually ahead of his time. All his interests converged at a single point: the world conceived as a single whole. This meant he developed a perspective we would today call transdisciplinary. “Total impression” Humboldt, Alexander von: Ideen zu einer Physiognomik der Gewächse. Tübingen 1806, S. 11. http://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/book/view/humboldt_physiognomik_1806?p=11 oder auch Humboldt, Alexander von: Kosmos. Entwurf einer physischen Weltbeschreibung. Bd. 4. Stuttgart u. a. 1858, S. 8. http://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/book/view/humboldt_kosmos04_1858/?hl=Totaleindrucks&p=8 [*] was the aim of all his activity, measurements, observations. In this, he was a precursor of globalization. Ottmar Ette: Alexander von Humboldt und die Globalisierung. Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 2009, S. 13ff.[*]

To develop a mental cosmos of such complexity, Humboldt was in constant contact with the leading minds of his time, through personal conversations and thousands of letters. ‘Cosmos’ was also the name of the treatise Humboldt published as a ‘physical description of the world’. It also represents his ultimate legacy.

The aim of the KOSMOSHumboldt project is to come closer to Alexander von Humboldt’s unique personality. With this in mind, we approach Alexander von Humboldt on three levels:

• Humboldt in his own words. (Level 1 – Inner Circle)
• Humboldt as his contemporaries saw him. (Level 2 – Middle Circle)
• We ask thinkers of our own time about the relevance of Humboldt’s approach today. (Level 3 – Outer Circle)

Propositions of Alexander von Humboldt.

Slavery
Nature’s understanding
Humboldt’s approach to research
Humboldt’s idea for his ‘Cosmos’ publication
Freedom
Humanism

Slavery

“Slavery is, without doubt, the greatest of all the evils that have befallen mankind, whether one focuses on the slave torn from his family in his homeland and thrown into the hold of a slave ship, or considers him as part of a herd of black people penned up in the Antilles.” Alexander von Humboldt, Cuba-Werk, herausgegeben und kommentiert von Hanno Beck in Verbindung mit Wolf-Dieter Grün, Sabine Melzer-Grün, Detlev Haberland, Paulgünther Kautenburger, Eva Michels-Schwarz, Uwe Schwarz und Fabienne Orazie Vallino. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. Darmstadt 1992, S. 156.[*]

Nature’s understanding

“Submitted to the process of rational thought, nature is a unity in diversity of phenomena. It is a harmony, blending all created things, however dissimilar in form and attributes – one great whole animated by the breath of life. The most important result of rational inquiry into nature is thus to establish the unity and harmony of this manifold, to encompass the knowledge gained in recent years, and to analyze the individual parts of natural phenomena without succumbing beneath the weight of the whole. In this way it is permitted to humanity, while mindful of its high destiny, to comprehend nature, lifting the veil that shrouds its phenomena. Thus our efforts may go beyond the narrow world of the senses, allowing us to submit the results of observation to the test of reason and intellect.” http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=355&language=german[*]

Humboldt’s approach to research

“I will collect plants and fossils, and I will be able to make astronomical observations with excellent instruments… But all this is not the main purpose of my trip. My attention will be constantly directed towards the harmony that exists in the combination of all forces and the influence of non-living creations on the living plant and animal worlds!” The intention for his journey to America – the departure date, sailing with the Spanish frigate, Pizarro, from La Coruña, was 5 June 1799. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt[*]

Humboldt’s idea for his ‘Cosmos’ publication

“I have the great idea of describing in a single work the entire material world – all that we know today of celestial bodies and of life on earth – from the nebular stars to the mosses on the granite rocks – and to make this work instructive to the mind, and at the same time attractive, through its vivid language.” The two brothers, Wilhelm and Alexander von Humboldt, jointly came up with the title Cosmos for the planned summation of Alexander’s work. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt[*]

Freedom

“In insisting on the unity of the human race, we oppose all distasteful presumptions of higher and lower races among human beings. There are more adaptive, more educated, and more culturally enriched peoples, but none is more noble than any other. All are equally ordained to be free.” Annette Graczyk: Das literarische Tableau zwischen Kunst und Wissenschaft. München 2004, S. 371.[*]

Humanism

“In the earliest language of the so-called ‘savage’ peoples, I have found the noblest concepts of God, virtue, and friendship. I could only understand their deep truth by totally freeing my spirit from European ideas, especially from external appearances.” Alexander von Humboldt in a letter to Wilhelm Hornay of 25 August 1857. In: Wilhelm Hornay, Alexander von Humboldt. Sein Leben und Wollen für Volk und Wissenschaft. Nach Originalien. Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg 1860, S. 12 f.[*]

His contemporaries about Humboldt

Charles Darwin
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Prof. Dr. Justus von Liebig
Simón Bolívar
Napoléon Bonaparte
Friedrich von Schiller
Wilhelm von Humboldt
Thomas Jefferson

Charles Darwin

Born 12 February 1809 in Shrewsbury
Died 19 April 1882 in Downe

“He was the greatest travelling scientist who ever lived.” Hilmar Schmundt, Miloš Vec, Hildegard Westphal (hg.): Mekkas der Moderne[*]

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Born 28 August in Frankfurt
Died 22 March in Weimar

“I would say that he was sui generis.”

“What kind of man is this! I have known him for such a long time and yet he forever astounds me anew. We could say, he is without peer when it comes to abilities and vital knowledge. And a multifaceted nature the likes of which I have never before encountered! Wherever one goes, he is at home, and showers us with intellectual treasures. He is like a fountain with many pipes, and all one has to do is hold out buckets wherever a refreshing and inexhaustible stream flows out.” http://www.sueddeutsche.de/wissen/zeitgenossen-ueber-humboldt-er-hat-ein-maul-und-kann-sich-geltend-machen-1.458109-5[*]

Prof. Dr. Justus von Liebig

Born 12 May 1803 in Darmstadt
Died 18 April 1873 in Munich

“How many people do I know who owe the achievement of their scholarly goals to Alexander von Humboldt’s aegis and goodwill! The chemist, botanist, physicist, orientalist, the voyager to Persia and India, the artist, all of them enjoyed the same rights, the same protection; for him, there was no difference between nations or countries.” http://www.avhumboldt.de/?p=603[*]

Simón Bolívar

Born 24 July 1783 in Caracas/New Granada
Died 17 December 1839 in Santa Marta/Gran Colombia

“Alexander von Humboldt has done more good for America than all of its conquerors, he is the true discoverer of America.” http://www.avhumboldt.de/?p=605[*]

Napoléon Bonaparte

Born 15 August 1769 on Corsica
Died 5 May 1821 in Longwood House on Saint Helena in the South Atlantic

“You’re interested in botany? Just like my wife!” Aaron Sachs: The Humboldt Current: A European Explorer and His American Disciples. Oxford University Press. Oxford 2007, S. 38.[*]

Friedrich von Schiller

Born 10 November 1759 in Marbach
Died 9 May 1805 in Weimar

“I cannot yet really cast judgment on Alexander, but I fear that despite all his talents and his indefatigable activity, he will never achieve anything great in his scholarship. […] In short, for his object of study, he seems to be a much too coarse organ, and as such, a much too limited intellectual. He has no imagination, and thus, in my opinion, is lacking the most necessary asset for his scholarship – for nature must be observed and sensed, both in its most unique forms and in its highest laws. Alexander impresses a great many people, and in comparison to his brother, usually wins out because he has a big mouth and knows how to argue. But I simply cannot compare them in absolute terms, since Wilhelm is so much more worthy of respect.” Friedrich von Schiller in a letter to Gottfried Körner, Jena, 6 August 1797. http://www.wissen-im-netz.info/literatur/schiller/briefe/1797/179708061.htm [*]

Wilhelm von Humboldt

Born 22 June 1767 in Potsdam
Died 8 April 1835 in Tegel

“Alexander is there to connect ideas, glimpse connections between things through the ages, which without him would have remained undiscovered. An incredible depth of thought, insurmountable insight, and the most rare speed of synthesis.” Siegfried A. Kaehler: Wilhelm von Humboldt und der Staat. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte Deutscher Lebensgestaltung um 1800. 2. Auflage, Göttingen 1963, S. 41.[*]

Thomas Jefferson

Born 13 April 1743
Died 4 July 1826

Our contemporaries about Humboldt

Prof. Dr. Bénédicte Savoy
Prof. Dr. Matthias Glaubrecht
Sofia Guevara Sueldo
Julian Petrasch
Andrea Wulf
Prof. Dr. Bazon Brock
Prof. Peter Weibel
Prof. Dr. Ottmar Ette
Prof. Dr. Heiner Bielefeldt
Dr. Bonaventure Soh Bejeng Ndikung

Prof. Dr. Bénédicte Savoy

Dr. Savoy studied German literature and took her doctorate in art history. She was a junior professor at the Institute for History and Art History at the Technische Universität in Berlin. Since 2009, she has been professor of art history at that university.

She has received numerous awards for her outstanding scholarly achievements.

Her research currently focusses on the following areas: the transfer of art and culture in Europe, 18th and 19th century art, museum history, German-French relations, art theft and looted art.

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Prof. Dr. Matthias Glaubrecht

Matthias Glaubrecht studied biology at Hamburg University. After a temporary post at the Australian Museum in Sydney, he became a curator at Berlin’s Museum of Natural History, where he later directed the research department.

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Sofia Guevara Sueldo

formerly a student of the Alexander von Humboldt School in Lima, Peru.

The visit by the Alexander von Humboldt-Schule to Lima introduced Sofia Guevara, in particular, to the scientific research of Alexander von Humboldt. She now intends to take a degree in pure biology.”

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Julian Petrasch

has been interested in astronomy since early childhood. Together with a school colleague, Lennart Schlieder, he developed SAMS (Sky Align Methods Simulator), a computer program to calculate the position of asteroids. This led to his becoming the winner of the German contest ‘Young People Researching’. He was also the winner of a second competition in 2013, in the specialist area of geography and spatial sciences. He describes his project there: “I can show that OSSI allows much cheaper professional images and far simpler data capture than satellites or aeroplanes.” His idea was to use balloons to transport cameras taking high-definition photographs of the earth. http://www.jugend-forscht.de/stiftung-jugend-forscht/historie/erfolgreiche-ehemalige/der-junge-galileo.html#prettyPhoto[*]

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Andrea Wulf

A historian, born in India, raised in Germany, and now living in London. For her book ‘Alexander von Humboldt and the Invention of Nature’, she not only went in search of manuscripts in archives across the world, she also journeyed to the remote places which had a powerful influence on Alexander von Humboldt’s view of the world and its phenomena. “The most exciting moment in my research was when I climbed Chimborazo in Ecuador […] with every step my admiration for Humboldt grew.”

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Prof. Dr. Bazon Brock

Artist, art theorist, and researcher on the borderlands of aesthetics, art, perception, and education. His biographical roots go back to the Fluxus movement. Together with Joseph Beuys and Wolf Vostell, he worked on redefining art and teaching. Today Brock is still concerned with the emancipation of the individual, communication, and education. This is the context in which we should understand the Visitor School, which he first staged at documenta 4 in 1968. On December 3, 2011, Brock opened the ‘Thinkery Responsible for Work on Unsolved Problems and Measures of the High Hand’ in the Kreuzberg district of Berlin.

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Prof. Peter Weibel

Artist, curator and media theorist. As the director of the Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie (Centre for Art and Media Technology) in Karlsruhe, he advocates an approach which sees art, culture, technology and history as multiply interlocking and mutually influential systems. “Weibel’s sense of humour is the surest sign of the author’s confident command of every possible system and its medium – and at the same time, too, of his belief in the survival of mankind and of art in the age of digital media.” (Boris Groys about Peter Weibel http://www.peter-weibel.at/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61&Itemid=39)[*]

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Prof. Dr. Ottmar Ette

A scholar of Romance literatures and comparative literature, for several decades he has engaged on a number of levels with the life, thought, and work of Alexander von Humboldt. His approach is based on a profound knowledge of written sources, but his analysis goes far beyond established boundaries, whether disciplinary, philological, philosophical, media-historical, or literary-aesthetic. In this way, his work’s conceptual basis is also profoundly indebted to Humboldt’s thought.

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Prof. Dr. Heiner Bielefeldt

Philosopher and theologian, with a focus on human rights and the politics of human rights. From 2010 to 2016, he additionally served as UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief. In the context of his UN work, Bielefeldt saw time and again how progressive and farsighted Alexander von Humboldt’s worldview had been.

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Dr. Bonaventure Soh Bejeng Ndikung

studied food biotechnology, medical biotechnology, and biophysics. He works as the curator and artistic director of the art space SAVVY Contemporary in Berlin. Working at the intersection of “Western art” and “non-Western art”, he is interested in “constantly discovering ways to combine art and science projects, exploring how these fields could mutually expand each other, and serve as a projectile”. http://www.synapse.info/profiles/bonaventure/[*]

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